Proportional representative system in U.K Term Paper

Proportional representative system in U.K - Term Paper Example The reason for this has been partly likened to the failure by the plural form of elections to produce a clear winner after the 1974 election, which saw the formation of a weak government without an outright majority (Amy 23). Additionally, the additional vote from a third party in the 70s has also acted to highlight the disproportionate and distorted nature of a pluralist voting system. This paper provides a discussion on the way proportional representative system is better than plurality system in the UK. The Labor government, in 1997, made a promise to hold a referendum as soon as it got into power that would vote on the issue of introducing a representative voting system. However, this referendum was continually delayed and dropped off the labor party agenda. Additionally, the amount of choice that the voter would be given could also be limited. This is because there is an argument that the Labor Party and the Tories stand to lose the most if any changes are effected to the plural ist electoral system, which explains their reluctance to pursue the issue (Amy 25). Had proportional representation been used during the elections of 1997, it is possible that the big Labor majority would have seen a reduction with major gains by the Liberal Democrats (Connolly 31). This would have seen a gain from the forty six seats they attained to as high as one hundred and six members of parliament. The Lib Dems got 16.8% of all the votes cast, but suffered when it came to actual seats at Westminster, gaining less than ten percent of the total seats. Proportional representation would have altered their standing and greatly reduced that of the Labor Party. A similar incident would have occurred in the elections of 2001, a result that intimates the fact that pluralist electoral models are unfair and have the potential to be undemocratic, i.e., the number of votes that are cast for the government are not proportional to that the government’s popularity with the UK public (C onnolly 31). All proportional representation forms tend to possess similar basic merits. These merits include the fact that the system is more representative of the voting public’s wishes as expressed during the voting process (Connolly 35). In addition, fewer wasted votes encourage better participation in the election. The pluralist electoral model could lead to some voters avoiding the voting process because they perceive it as a wasted cause. Additionally, the minority parties could end up with fairer representation in Westminster. Independent candidates will also have more opportunities at being elected with only a single one, Martin Bell, winning a seat in parliament during the 1997 elections. The candidate lost the seat during the second attempt where he used the pluralist electoral route. Another advantage of PR is that it removes safe seats that are characterized by perennial low turnouts. If people feel that their vote counts, then they may be more encouraged to part icipate in the elections. Using the PR system, the voter also has an increased variety of choice as far as candidates are concerned. Finally, a pluralist system can be eliminated by a proportional representation system ending up with a system that is â€Å"

Scenario question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Scenario question - Essay Example The Vienna Convention defines a reservation as â€Å"a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State, when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in application to that State.†3 At the outset the question that needs to be examined is whether the reservation appended by State A is valid. The Vienna Convention in dealing with reservations, points out that a State may formulate a reservation, unless such reservation â€Å"is prohibited by the treaty.†4 In the case dealing with reservations to the Genocide Convention5, the International Court of Justice attempted to achieve a balance between the sovereign right of a State to make a reservation versus the apparent rising tide of reservations that went against the spirit of the treaty and the right of parties not to be bound to a treaty if they didn’t wish to be. There is a simil ar conflict posed in this case. The purpose of the Treaty between States A to D, is cooperation on economic matters, but State A in reserving the option to suspend economic cooperation, which is against the very purpose of the Treaty and contravenes Article 19 cited above. The 2000 Treaty does not specifically prohibit reservations, but since the purpose of the treaty is economic cooperation, a reservation seeking to withdraw economic cooperation may be questionable, especially in the context of the ICJ decision stated above which prevents States from making such incompatible reservations. The frequency of reservations has increased in the twentieth century and some examples of Conventions that prohibit reservations in treaties are the 1952 Universal Copyright Convention and the 1964 Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the International Carriage by Air.6 In this instance, since State A has specified that the withdrawal of economic cooperation will occur only in

Reliance Industries Limited: Effect of Globalisation

Reliance Industries Limited: Effect of Globalisation The Reliance Group, founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani, and is one of the largest private sector companies in India, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain. Reliance Groups annual revenues are in excess of US$ 58 billion. The flagship company, Reliance Industries Limited, is a Fortune Global 500 company. Reliance activities span exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum refining and marketing, petrochemicals (polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics and chemicals), textiles, retail and special economic zones. Reliance is the largest polyester yarn and fibre producer in the world and among the top five to ten producers in the world in major petrochemical products. Major Group Companies are Reliance Industries Limited (including main subsidiary Reliance Retail Limited) andÂÂ  Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited. Reliance Group is a highly diversified group and is in to multiproduct business like oil/gas exploration, retail of petro/consumer products and mfg. of petrochemical/refining and textile products. Here I have summarised how Globalisation has affected the survival and sustainable development of Reliance Industries Ltd. GLOBALISATION If I were to summarise in one word as to what is Globalisation Liberalisation is leading to.. I will say Competition. Globalisation has a significant impact on entrepreneurial enterprises in many ways. Globalisation provides a great opportunity for entrepreneurial ventures to expand their business internationally. With the help of local governments, large corporations, and international organisations, entrepreneurial enterprises are able to confront the challenges posed by globalisation and economic liberalisation, to improve their competitiveness in the global market, and better serve the global consumers. A number of hypotheses are examined to understand how globalisation has affected the survival and sustainable development of entrepreneurial enterprises. Globalisation has forced Reliance in the following ways It has aligned with the global trends Development policies and compensation systems were put in place. Built leaders within organisation, within this talent pool. International Business Environment affects the development of RIL India imports about two-thirds of its crude oil requirement. Exploration and production of oil and gas is critical for Indias energy security and economic growth. Reliances oil and gas exploration and production business is therefore inexorably linked with the national imperative. Exploration and production, the initial link in the energy and materials value chain, remains a major growth area and Reliance envisions evolving as a global energy major. Over the years the EP industry has registered significant growth, primarily due to spiraling crude oil and gas prices. With growing competition and ever growing demand for energy, especially from developing countries, the focus is on energy security. RIL began gas production within six and a half years of gas discovery, in comparison to the world average of 9-10 years for similar deep water production facilities. Continuous gas production for about a year, with 100% uptime, once again demonstrates the Companys flawless commissioning and execution capabilities. In April 2010, RIL entered into a joint venture with the USA based Atlas Energy, Inc. (Atlas) under which RIL acquired 40% interest in Atlas core Marcellus Shale acreage position. RIL has become a partner in approximately 300,000 net acres of undeveloped leasehold in the core area of the Marcellus Shale region in south western Pennsylvania for an acquisition cost of $ 339 million and an additional $ 1.36 billion capital costs under a carry arrangement for 75% of Atlass capital costs over an anticipated seven and a half year development programme. Low operating costs and proximity to USA northeast gas markets combine to make the Marcellus Shale region one of the most economically attractive, unconventional natural gas resources play in North America. The acreage will support the drilling of over 3,000 wells with a resource potential of approximately 13.3 Trillion Cubic Feet equivalent (TCFe). While Atlas will serve as the development operator for the joint venture, RIL is expected to become a development operator in certain regions in the coming years in the JV. Atlas will continue acquiring leasehold in the Marcellus Shale region and RIL will have the option to acquire 40% share in all new acreages. RIL also obtained the right of first offer with respect to potential future sales by Atlas of around 280,000 additional Appalachian acres currently controlled by Atlas (not included in the present joint venture). The RIL-Atlas joint venture has the potential to become one of the largest prime acreage holders in the Marcellus Shale region. This joint venture will materially increase RILs resource base and provide an entirely new platform from which to grow its exploration and production business while simultaneously enhancing its ability to operate unconventional projects in the future. Additionally, RIL has farmed out 20% PI in the blocks Borojo North and Borojo South in Colombia; and 30% PI in block 18 and 25% PI in block 41 in Oman. The Regional Government of Kurdistan has assigned third party participating interest of 20% each in blocks Rovi and Sarta to M/s OVM; the assigned agreement is yet to be signed by RIL. RIL now has 13 blocks in its international EP portfolio including 2 in Peru, 3 in Yemen (1 producing and 2 exploratory), 2 each in Oman, Kurdistan and Colombia, 1 each in East Timor and Australia; amounting to a total acreage of over 93,500 sq. kms. Sustainability Strategy adopted/used by RIL in Global Markets Reliance has made sustainable development a cornerstone of its business strategy to achieve sustainable and profitable growth. RIL adopted principle of materiality and prioritized key issues after collective deliberation by management and key stakeholders. These issues include; Energy Security, Health Safety, Corporate Governance and Transparency, Product Responsibility, Climate Change and Waste Management. RIL sustainable development strategy draws on proven technology and risk management framework and evolves from the materiality analysis that has been performing over the years. The focus areas under sustainability development strategy include the following: Energy Security As a company RIL involved in the energy and materials value chain, so it is committed to responsible use of energy. Its systems and processes ensure optimum energy usage by continuous monitoring of all forms of energy and increasing the efficiency of operations. Growth through Innovation RIL firmly believe that growth through innovation will give a big competitive advantage and will be a key differentiator. Companies goal is to make RIL one of the most innovative companies in the world and to achieve breakthrough growth in revenues and profits by creating and implementing sustainable solutions. RIL is developing an innovative ecosystem that builds on organisational systems and processes, talent management, open innovation and world class RD facilities. Health and Safety Safety overrides all production targets this vision drives RIL to continuously look for ways to achieve zero accident at workplace. RIL vision is to develop a dedicated pool of safety professionals and lead in safety performance across its operations by focusing on process safety and behavioural safety.. Environment Protecting the environment and preserving natural resources is a high priority area. Through annual environment plan and business targets, RIL identify projects and take action to reduce water consumption and become carbon neutral and achieve maximum possible recycling and reuse of wastes. RIL set targets for key environment-related performance indicators such as material intensity, GHG emissions, air quality, water consumption, effluent discharge, waste generation and disposal, and conservation of bio-diversity. Product Responsibility For RIL, product responsibility is to offer efficient and reliable product and services with minimum environmental impact throughout the life cycle of the product from the cradle to the grave. Its product and services are designed, manufactured and delivered with principle consideration of customer safety. Social Institution Building Social welfare and community development is at the core of RIL/s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) philosophy. RIL strategy is to have close and continuous interaction with the people and communities around our manufacturing divisions to bring qualitative changes and support the underprivileged. Strategy Milestones Made significant investments in EP of OG to secure energy supplies Implemented systems to monitor and measure sustainability performance Introduced sustainability awareness programmes in the intranet Formed the Reliance Innovation Council Sustainability report assured by an independent assurance provider

gatdream American Dream Alive and Well in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The American Dream is Alive and Well in 2002 "...One Nation, under God, indivisible, with justice for all." Most Americans have heard and said this pledge to allegiance hundreds of times. The question is, do we really believe in the power of its meaning? It's a shame that America, land of the free, is also the land of capitalism, scandal and discrimination. Though we have the freedom to bear arms, freedom of speech, and freedom of religious and political affiliation, some Americans claim that they do not have the freedom to be themselves. Images from the media of aesthetic beauty and financial success bombard the majority of Americans on an everyday basis. It is only natural for one to attempt to 'improve' himself or herself by living up to the standards imposed by society. Unfortunately, America's brand of 'self-improvement' often comes with a price. I agree with the definition in Webster's College Dictionary of the American Dream: 'an American ideal of social equality and especially material success. Though the American Dream is very much alive for many, it is not necessarily well for most. Ron Suskind, author of the national bestseller, A Hope in the Unseen, writes about the real-life story of Cedric Jennings. Jennings was a high school senior at a crime-infested school in Washington, D.C. Jennings beats the odds in Suskind's novel of the American struggle, and gains acceptance into Brown University (an Ivy League school). Jennings dealt with more than the average high school turmoil in his four years at Frank W. Ballou Senior High School. He couldn't even accept his award for a year of perfect grades in fear that his life would be threatened: "Pride and such accomplishment is acceptable behavior for sterling students at high schools across the land, but at Ballou and other urban schools like it, something else is at work" (Suskind 17). This is the crab in the bucket syndrome (a phrase coined by educators, Suskind explains) where one crab pulls the other crab down, and keeps them from climbing out of the bucket. Though Cedric is aware of the jeers he receives from his classmates for his accomplishments, he continues to hold his head up high when he thinks of his "green light": to graduate from Ballou, and continue his education at an Ivy League school. As I read A Hope in the Unseen, I thought of the unfairness of the American ideal.

Othello Act 5, Scene 2 Lines #338-356 Essay

Within Act 5, Scene 2 of the Shakespearian play Othello, Lodovico tells Othello he is to lose command and Cassio will become the governor of Cyrpus instead. Subsequently, Othello is to be held prison and will await trial. It is from this point in the play that Othello protests his great service to Venice. From lines 338 to 356, Othello states his final speech before ultimately taking his own life. Here, Othello expresses his grief over what he has done feeling a strong sense of sin in his actions. His ego is still intact however as he mentions that he has done a great deed to the state despite the overshadowing for his act. Othello reaffirms his position as a figure who is simultaneously included and excluded from Venetian Society. Apparent in his final statement, he uses contradictions to explain his mental state before and after the manipulation of Iago. Another aspect revealed is the extent to which his sins have affected him and how he longs for the battles that helped him woo Desdemona’s love through his heroic stories. Despite having done his services to the state, he reveals his foolishness as someone who existed within and outside Venetian society giving rise to a series of contradictions. In line 342, he asks others to speak of him as he truly is being, â€Å"nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice. † The first contradictory sentence reveals that he does not wish for his guilt to be lessened as suggested by the diction â€Å"extenuate. † Nor does he want be considered evil which he would feel ashamed for as Iago is the real villain in the play. Othello reveals in the next line that he has â€Å"loved not wisely, but too well† indicating that he was unable to convey the same amount of affection back to Desdemona as she had done to him. Othello’s love for Desdemona reveals a sensitive part of Othello despite his military background. It was Othello’s love for Desdemona, however, that acted as a catalyst to which Iago manipulated and used to his advantage. In the next contradictory statement, Othello states that he was â€Å"not easily jealous, but, being wrought. † Othello is referring to his previous assessment of Desdemona’s relation with Cassio where he told Iago that he had nothing to fear and thus would not become jealous. However, the audience knows that this is no longer the situation as the â€Å"honest† Iago made Othello into a pawn of a greater game. Othello comments on his how he won the affection of Desdemona enchanting her through his heroic tales. Othello mentions the â€Å"Arabian trees Their medicinal gum† and â€Å"Aleppo† which were elements in his heroic tale. He cherishes his memories of when he spoke of such places to Desdemona further emphasizing his love for her. It is evident that no medicine in the world can cure him of his agony and torture referring to the medicinal properties of the â€Å"Arabian Trees. † However, the burden of his sins become overwhelming referring to a â€Å"base Judean, threw a pearl away. † This quotation suggests that he has angered the heavens and makes a religious reference to the betrayal of sacrifice of Jesus. Similar to the betrayel of Jesus, he has betrayed Desdemona’s pure qualities and love. There is irony involved because he killed Desdemona who had the qualities of a Saint who was always willing to forgive Othello for his actions. This trait was emphasized previously in the play where Desdemona wished for the heavens to forgive Othello and send him to Purgatory rather than hell so that he may repent for his sins. Despite Othello’s pains and cries, he briefly manages to calm himself thus regaining his dignity that gave rise to his higher state of power in Venice. This indicates that his ego is still intact and has not been completely shattered as he works the persistence reveal his innermost feelings of being an outsider. He mentions â€Å"Aleppo† which is translated as a significant staging post for trade between Europe and the East where it was said that the punishment there should a Christian strike a Turk was immediate death. Othello make this reference because he feels that he has been an outcast of Venetian society despite his title. He feel that he has been struck to death in comparison to Christian who struck a Turk. Considering the severity of the punishment, it is evident that this is not small matter, but rather a serious one with racial discrimination. While in the act of killing himself, he alludes to the metaphor of the killing of a Turk. He acknowledges that he will forever be an outsider. In summation, Othello’s final remark has allowed him to personally reflect his actions and to reveal to the audience his remorseful feelings. While establishing the difference between one who was included and exclude in Venetian society, he makes his final act of martyrdom. The only opponent left for him to conquer becomes himself.

Links To Theory Through Observation.

EYES was established under the Childcare Act 2006 and is compulsory for all early years' providers that have o register with Posted for children age three to the end of the academic year in which they turn five. During reflection I will also be considering some theorists and their theories on learning through play and the benefits or criticisms they imply in relation to each observation. Child A pushes a lorry around table, watching as the wheels go round. He plays alongside others without interaction. Picking up the lorry he carries it to another area of nursery and kneels on the floor, again watching as he pushes lorry around the carpet.Another child approaches so he picks up the lorry taking it to a able with other vehicles on. Holding on to the lorry he picks up a small car, looking at a child opposite he says â€Å"My lorry is big†. The child agrees with child A saying ‘Yes because lorries are bigger than cars†. Child A smiles and replies â€Å"My lorry' is b igger†. He puts lorry on table and lines up two cars and a small bus alongside it and repeats â€Å"My lorry is bigger†. From the observation it was recognized that child A achieved several milestones for his age in conformity with the Development Matters in the FEES criteria.These include Mathematics (Shape Space and Measure) he is beginning to use the language f size, Physical Development (Moving and Handling) he squats with steadiness to rest or play with object on the ground and rises to feet without using hands, Communication and Language (Speaking and understanding) he uses language as a powerful means of widening contacts, sharing thoughts and developing understanding of simple concepts e. G. Big/little (Early Education 2012). The EYE-S categories children's development according to age which was influenced by Paginating theory.Jean Pigged is credited with the cognitive-developmental theory that views the child â€Å"as actively constructing knowledge and cognit ive development as taking place in stages† (Beer, 2000, p. 21). He introduced the term schema and its use was popularized through his work based on his four development stages, Seniority (0-errs), Pre Operational (2-6 or 7), Concrete Operational (6 or 7-11 or 12) and Formal Operational (1 1 or 12). Chris They (2007) was influenced by Piglets' schemas and developmental stages and building on Piglets' work she applied this theory to the observation and analysis of young children's learning.Focusing on young children's spontaneous play and activity she suggested that there re several ways of defining schema, although not a single one on which everyone would agree. During the observation it was identified that child A was performing some schemas in accordance to Pigged and Atheist' schema theory. Pushing the lorry around the table exhibits a rotation schema, taking the lorry to different areas exhibits a transporting schema and lining up the vehicles exhibits a positioning schema all of which Dowling (2013) suggests are mathematical schemas.Pigged viewed children as ‘lone scientists' who had all the cognitive mechanisms to learn independently from personal experiences and environmental aspects. He believed in the importance of children learning through exploring and finding new knowledge in many different situations without any need for teachers or more mature peers input (Nutrition, 2006). However in their response to schema-related play Bruce (1999) and Mead (1999), (in London, 2001) both highlighted the role of more mature ‘others' in influencing children's development.This is also posited by Level Viscosity who criticized Piglets' lone scientist beliefs, emphasizing the need for support from families, communities and other children to extend a child's learning in his Zone of Proximal Development (ZIP) theory (Pound, 2005). Visigoths' ZIP has been defined as â€Å"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independen t problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Viscosity, 1 978, p. 6). These theories were recognized from the observation when Child A communicated his thoughts on the size of the lorry to another child who confirmed his original schema of size but extended his level of thought by explaining lorries are bigger than cars. As the other child was more knowledgeable on size and mathematical language he was blew to provoke adaptation in child As' original schema allowing him to assimilate and accommodate this new information also showing evidence Of Piglets developmental theory (McLeod, 2009).Although further observations or adult led activities would be required to ascertain child As' equilibration. Upon reflection, had a teacher or LISP been present during this activity an opportunity to develop child As' mathematical knowledge further on shape, space and language could be met by comparing vehicle sizes and modeling language for size, big, bigger, biggest. Child B points to her tights saying â€Å"Look De, blue, red, blue' to L SP who replies â€Å"Oh yes, well done you spotted a pattern† child B smiles. â€Å"Do you think you can make a pattern? Asks LISP, child B nods following L SP to table with colored cubes and pattern cards. LISP hands child B a two colored pattern card modeling how to copy it. Child B follows card repeating pattern. LISP praises child B giving her a sticker, child B smiles examining sticker. Child B picks another two colored pattern card and copies it independently saying â€Å"l can do this one†. After praising child B LISP leaves table. Child B makes a two colored pattern without card calling to L SP Look I made my own pattern†, L SP praises and rewards child B with another sticker. Child B turns to a friend saying â€Å"l got two Stickers†.As in first observation, regarding the FEES, ch ild B is achieving several milestones within the seven areas of learning and development relevant to her age range of 40-months. She is also demonstrating characteristics of effective learning also specified in EYES these being, Playing and Exploring (engagement), finding out and exploring and being willing to ‘have a go', Active Learning (motivation), being involved and concentrating, keeping trying enjoying achieving what they set out to do and Creating and Thinking Critically (thinking), having their own ideas, making links, choosing ways to do things.However mathematically it was notable that child B aged 53 months is above her milestone development in shape space and measure aspect of FEES as she was able to recognize, create and describe patterns, which are Early Learning Goals (LEG). Legs' are the next developmental milestones of EYES and usually occur around age 60+ months (Education, 2012). This contrasts Piglets' theory that children learn in stages, achieving one st age before bovine onto the next.Maria Interiors also criticized this theory as she believed in focusing On the individualized nature Of learning and recognized â€Å"all children were capable of learning but they need to work at their own pace† (Groan et al, 2011, p. 41). This was highlighted in observation as child B is developing at her own pace and achieving a higher development milestone without completing all aspects of the 40-60 math shape space and measure category of FEES.Although Interiors criticized Piglets' development stage theory she believed, like Pigged that children learn by exploring alone and felt hat children were teaching themselves by absorbing information from their environment (Daley et al, 2006). Without intervention from the LISP child B would not have extended her knowledge or language of pattern and an opportunity would have been missed, sometimes it is therefore necessary to have the support Of an adult or more knowledgeable peer.This is supported by Burner whose scaffolding theory stated the importance of the role of a practitioner to extend children's learning (Doherty, 2009). Scaffolding refers to assistance which â€Å"enables a child or novice to solve a problem, carry out a ask or a goal which would be beyond his unassisted efforts† (Burner, 2006 p. 199). Child B had spotted the pattern but until the LISP assisted her and pointed out she had spotted a ‘pattern' child 8 did not have the language to describe it.

Technology In The Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Technology In The Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Essays Technology In The Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Essay Technology In The Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Essay This undertaking is based on the description of the analysis importance of presenting quality services in the cordial reception industry, what is community base touristry, the pros and cons of community base touristry, alternate type of touristry that can be used to diversify the Jamaica touristry merchandise sand the impact of engineering in the development of the touristry industry. Important of presenting quality service in the cordial reception industry Harmonizing to ( unknown, 2012 ) in the cordial reception industry, it is perfectly critical that companies stay on top of consumer demand in an effort to keep their competitory advantage. In the current technologically goaded concern industry, it has become progressively of import for concerns to use every spot of information and information collected from current and possible clients when analyzing ways of staying competitory in the cordial reception industry. Refering to ( William et` al, 1999 ) presenting quality service in the cordial reception industry can be a major challenge confronting cordial reception directors in the gap old ages of the following millenary. It will be an indispensable status for success in the emerging, keenly competitory, planetary cordial reception markets. While the future importance of presenting quality cordial reception service is easy to spot and to hold on, making so nowadayss some hard and challenging direction issues. Since the bringing of cordial reception service ever involves people, these issues centre on the direction of people, and in peculiar on the interactions between invitees and staff, interactions that are called service brushs. In the eyes of our invitees, our cordial reception concerns will win or neglect depending on the cumulative impact of the service brushs in which they have participated. Cordial reception industry would include hotels, eating house and other related touristry organisations. This means that the tourers have to meet with staffs, therefore the industries have to hold good client representative that can pass on with their invitee and assist them decide their issues. There are three elements in the cordial reception which motels. Includes eating house that provide drinks and nutrient amusement by the theater and adjustment provide by the industrial service. In the service bringing in the cordial reception industry and service bringing in other concerns there are small are no differences because they both have good client service which is really of import in both industries, they both provide quality service to increase their gross and to guarantee that they satisfy their client demands and want in the industry. Community based touristry Harmonizing to ( oikos, 2009 ) Community based touristry is touristry in which local occupants ( frequently rural, hapless and economically marginalized ) invite tourers to see their communities with the proviso of nightlong adjustment. Community based touristry enables tourers to detect local home grounds, wildlife, and celebrates and Respects traditional civilizations, rites and wisdom. The community will be cognizant of the commercial and societal value placed on their natural and cultural heritage through touristry, and this will further community based preservation of these resources. Community-based touristry affords travellers with rare chances to see local communities first manus. It s typical in that it provides an alternate to development that s non sustainable, giving rural and hapless communities an extra beginning of income. In back uping community-based touristry, you can plunge yourself in the daily lives of local and autochthonal people while assisting them to continue their environment and cultural heritage. The occupants earn income as land directors, enterprisers, service and green goods suppliers, and employees. At least portion of the tourist income is set aside for undertakings which provide benefits to the community as a whole. Tourists will pass clip near countries that are rich in civilization and biodiversity, and, at the same clip, will acquire to cognize the locals at the grassroots degree. Many successful experiences in development states prove that touristry can go a prima sector for the people who conserve natural resources and live on it. Local people of these states jointly cooperate in Community Based Tourism and this gives non merely economic benefits for them but besides becomes an illustration of community involved determination devising. A community by definition implies persons with some sort of corporate duty, and the ability to do determinations by representative organic structures. Localsaa‚Â ¬a„? engagement, traditional civilization, cross-cultural issues and rise of local income are basic rules of touristry and it is cardinal to acquire more in deepness for development states where touristry is dominantly operate by great foreign companies. Normally familiesaa‚Â ¬a„? interviews make obvious that locals are interested to take portion in touristry activities but they donaa‚Â ¬a„?t cognize how. Frequently the creative activity of Community Based Tourism is the best solution for local people or at least a great aid for them for illustration in these states where the chief income is from farm animal and the desertification, the spread of unproductive land deprived of flora, is one of the chief concerns. Community Based Tourism is the jointly planned and managed touristry activities of local group: this new concern neer can be the chief or lone income beginning of the communities and co-ops but can be extra income possibility Issues like bring forthing extra incomes for locals and cut downing impacts on environment are included in the authorities policy about touristry, but at that place has been small execution and no incorporate policy at the national degree. The pros and cons of community base touristry Base on the information of ( mozer, 1995-2012 ) Advantage -depending upon execution some of these can turn into disadvantages. Employment- ( 1 emp/1000 tourer ) labour intensive, few administrative places, small upward mobility. Infrastructure development -roads, H2O, electricity, telecom and cybercom, but non needfully local precedences. Cultural preservation- economic inducements to continue nutrient, manner, festivals and physical history, but these tend to be superficial elements of a civilization. Environmental protection- econ inducements to continue nature, wildlife and urban cleanliness. Foreign exchange.generates resources to import nutrient, pharmaceuticals, engineering, consumer goods. Development of wellness attention services -those these are nt ever available to local people. Disadvantages -depending upon execution some of these can turn into advantages. Cultural destruction- ( modernization universe mono-culture ) , freezes civilization as performing artists, loss: linguistic communication, faith, rites, material civilization. primary products- Sun, sand, breaker, campaign, lather, ski, sex ( small value added, neo-colonialism ) Environmental devastation -game thrusts, resorts: golf, ski, beach, desert, universe as resort area, SUV. Fringy employment -low accomplishment, low pay, humble services, harlotry, drug trade, chancing, streetwalkers. Low benefits -no occupation security, no wellness attention, no organizing, and no work safety regulations or environ criterions. Development of illegal and/or destructive economic activities- markets for drugs, endangered species, etc. Outside hiring- skilled in-between and senior direction recruited out of the country and transferred in. Concentration employment -walled resort enclaves. seasonal employment Outside determination making-decisions made outside of the country, corporate dollars corrupt authorities. Unrealistic expectations-divert immature people from school and brighter hereafters. anti-democratic collusion- industry support of inhibitory authoritiess Land controlled by the elect -people relocated, agribusiness eliminated, prohibited from N.P. negative life style s ( STDs- substance maltreatment, imploring, hustling diverted and concentrated development -airport, roads, H2O, electricity to tourist finishs, development non accessible to locals small forex corsets in state -airplanes, vehicles, liquor, hot air balloons, by and large have foreign proprietors bundle plans Cruises -eat and slumber on board so the economic benefit to the ports-of-call is really thin and limited. Unstable market -fickle, affected by local and universe events, by and large extremely elastic. Health touristry -traveling to acquire medical process at lower cost has its ain set of alone challenges, which include: Determining the certificate, accomplishments and quality of the installation and forces. Language communicating challenges on subjects necessitating a batch of inside informations, sometimes even when both parties apparently speak the same linguistic communication. Different cultural issues and outlooks around wellness attention and the organic structure. Post-treatment complications, after the tourer has left the installation. How community base touristry can be used to increase the Jamaica touristry merchandise and do it more competitory Community base touristry can be used to increase the Jamaica touristry merchandise and do it more competitory because it provides an alternate to development thataa‚Â ¬a„?s non sustainable, giving rural and hapless community an extra beginning of income. You can plunge yourself in the daily lives of local and autochthonal people while assisting them to continue their environment and civilization heritage. However people in the community earn income as land director, enterpriser, service and green goods suppliers, and employees. Incomes are besides set aside by the tourer for undertaking that provides benefits to the community. The important impact on the development of engineering in travel and touristry industry Technology in travel and touristry industry in today universe control and present speed and power your demand to accomplish your concern aspirations. It is besides delivers effectual solution to run into their clients precise concern demands increasing net income and work rate bettering client relation and diminishing cost. However you can depend on engineering with the travel and touristry industry to better the communicating procedure. When pass oning with engineering you save clip and money sagely and disengage from computing machine often to communicating in individual and aid people to maintain in touch with colleagues and bargainers in demand of information. therefore engineering in the industry better the communicating procedure, ill design are in suitably use engineering can inner communicating with workers more than it helps and it can be used in the industry to happen explore analysis to exchange and present information responsively without favoritism, it besides increase i nternationally and has speed up the procedure of globalisation. Harmonizing to Rosendo ( cuyasen, 2012 ) , New Technology and media has changed the manner of touristry. Travelers turn to the cyberspace to research on possible finishs and do engagements online. They even include sharing their experiences of the trips they go to. The executive manager of Ctrip.com said that consumers know more about the industry and travel concerns can non do money from the information spread any longer. The past 10 old ages has empowered consumers greatly. A great bulk of travellers do their hunt online for engagements, travel ushers and visas. Harmonizing to John Liu, the executive vice-president and caput of Greater China at Google, 85 % of travellers do their research on the net and the mean traveller does 55 online hunts before a engagement. Comparing and looking for information is really easy now and all sorts of information are available on the cyberspace. Refering to Keith Evans, ( Evans, 1999-2012 ) with the detonation of technological promotions in the mid and late twentieth century, tourers discovered increasing entree to a turning array of finishs. From advancing finishs and pulling traveller attending to enabling instant reserves and payment aggregation, communicating engineering continues to exhibit a important impact on the touristry industry and travel in general. Communication engineering plays a considerable function in travel and touristry, as much of modern touristry revolves around the ability of tourer finishs to pass on their benefits to possible visitants and the ability of those visitants to make out to points of involvement at the finish. Advantages and disadvantages of engineering in the travel and touristry industry Harmonizing to leelingz, ( leelingz, 2011 ) presents, engineering has advanced in enormous springs and bounds. We can non conceive of the universe without technological progresss such as computing machine, telecastings, and machines and so on. However there are some advantages and disadvantages of engineering. First of all, engineerings play a really of import function in society because it makes life easier to populate on and less clip devouring. Technology has the ability to make cutoffs in working. Peoples do non hold to make all the difficult labour any longer. Peoples use engineering to be after their trip which makes it more convenient and easy. They can research finish to their ain gait, store around for the best menus and hotel trades, and do reserves right from your computing machine. On the contrary, engineering besides brings injury to our society. The booming of industrialisation and development causes pollutions to our universe. For illustration, the fume from the vehicl es and machines affects the quality of air and destruct the ozone bed. In add-on, engineerings besides create fiscal jobs in households because most of the engineerings are expensive like computing machines. Peoples that can non afford to purchase this sort of engineering will populate in a nerve-racking life. On my positions the of import of engineering in the travel and touristry industry is to acquire information through research, aid to increase the organisation gross, to acquire information across to their clients and other related organisations, delivers great velocity, reach audience that is physically separated from the transmitter and increase entree ability and openness in an organisation and bad portion about engineering is that it can make tenseness and struggle, easy to be over used, frequently lack privateness and can earnestly run out employment productiveness. But in my instance without engineering the industry could non maintain up their substructure to maintain pulling the visitant and maintain the topographic point in order. Recommendation For the recommendations, maintain off with the changing of engineering as engineering enhance and alteration make sure that the concern in the touristry industries can set to that alteration without any job arising. For any concern to boom a good client service representative is needed to portray to good quality that the concern has to offer .conclusion It can be concluded that good quality service is needed to any concern to boom whether it be touristry or any other concern and without engineering the concern will non be kept up to day of the month.

The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka

The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Introduction Franz Kafka, a world famous writer, was brought up in a family, where the dictatorship of the father prevented the family from having natural warm relationships. Maybe this factor allowed the author learn from the childhood that the relationships between people, together with the moral values, are often neglected, while the materialistic views have always been topical.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is one of the key issues fairly depicted by Franz Kafka in his story â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, the bright example of modernism story highlighting realistic problems concerning traditional values perverted by the surrounding society. Having described an outcast in his family, the writer shows alienation of a person with his or her traditional values and views in the cruel today’s society which is, day by day, losing its impor tant human values, caring only of material values, oppressing distinctive and extraordinary individualities and spreading gregarious way of behavior. Human values lost by the society Within several thousand years each generation have been creating and passing down their assumptions, moral and values considered to be conventional and humane, which were held both by families and by societies. Family values have been transferred into common values of community and society, but still their essence stayed and still stays the same as it was at the very beginning. However, the present society has quite perverse understanding of values, and today a reverse process can be traced – society influences family and dictates its own values to it. Such loss of traditional humane values like empathy, love, respect, loyalty, and honesty has affected Franz Kafka who illustrated the metamorphosis or transformation of customary values on the example of the family of the Samsas. â€Å"The story p resents the reader with the metaphor for a human existence in which spiritual reflection and interpersonal communication have been sacrificed for the sake of materialistic efficiency† (Die Verwandlung 1915: 1). Indeed, showing the main character Gregor Samsa, who has found himself transformed â€Å"into a gigantic insect† physically (Kafka, 29), however, stayed human mentally, Kafka outlines his ability to preserve and keep humane values despite the fact of being an insect and having ugly appearance which is not accepted by his family, or society (in broader understanding).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His sincere genuine feelings towards his family contradict their cruelty and careless behavior towards him, a suffering insect. Hence the main character impersonates traditional values which are lost by his family and society, in general. One of the most important values such as empathy is not inherent in our life any more, as Kafka shows. The family of Gregor-insect is not able to accept him as he is – with â€Å"his domelike brown belly† and â€Å"numerous legs, which were pitifully thin compared to the rest of his bulk† (Kafka, 32). Practically, the same happens in the society which is not willing to accept anything or anybody extraordinary and distinctive. In order to illustrate this issue more brightly, the writer uses a great paradox in his story. The mentioned family feels no empathy for miserable Gregor, who really needs it, while the latter sympathizes his family, who do not require his sympathy at all. During his whole life Gregor Samsa has been working hard for the family, caring about them more than about himself, trying to give them the best he could, nevertheless he meet no giving back. Consequently, his idle care, love without answer and excessive empathy for his family turned him into helpl ess insect. The only hope of the main character is loyalty of his sister Grete who has been always kind and caring towards Gregor, however, she also betrays him. Hence his hopes have been broken and loyalty has been lost. This illustration was used by Kafka to depict community’s assumptions neglecting loyalty when it becomes of no use. It is shown that Grete was loyal to Gregor until he had â€Å"the firm intention of sending her to the Conservatory† (Kafka, 44) and had decent work where he could earn money to provide her with respectable life. However, she changed her attitude drastically as soon as Gregor suffered transformation and became helpless and indigent. Thus, it is ironic that insect continues to possess the feeling of loyalty till its last days while people of the surrounding society have forgotten about it. Moreover, such significant value as honesty is also lacking since all people’s relationships are built on intrigues and pretence, what is highli ghted in the story on the example of surface relationships between the main character and his family. Neither family nor Gregor himself were honest in their lives – the family was pretending to love and care about Gregor all their life until metamorphosis changed him, and Gregor, in his turn, was pretending to be satisfied by everything including his way of living. Equally, honesty is ignored by communities and forgotten in the surrounding society in which success is achieved by deceitful means and self-interested measures, but not honesty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Speaking about the greatest value of true love in Kafka’s story, it seems to be replaced by selfishness and egoistic love. Gregor’s parents seem to love him until he is a bread maker in his family, has respectable position in the society and socially acceptable a ppearance, thus it appears that love depends on outer factors. Contrary, this value does not require any attractive appearance, but is of inside ground. The loss of love, especially inside the family, is a typical burning issue of modern society, thus Kafka depicts the main character of the story as lonely young man suffering from lack of any love. All in all, on the sample of the family described in the story, Franz Kafka created an imagery of ill cruel society which is losing the most important traditional human moral values which have been passed down from generation to generation. That’s why the problems which take place in the family of Gregor Samsa concern not only family life, but each surrounding community and the whole society. Material values versus moral values Having analyzed the loss of customary human values referring to moral in Kafka’s story, it is necessary to contrast assumption of the society which has material values as a ground. In the story contra st of moral and material values is represented by insect having moral and family having material values. It is an irony that an insect possesses humane moral values, however, surrounding society, in the person of Samsa’s family, has lost them and has only material concerns. Franz Kafka has chosen such a harsh transformation of imposing Gregor’s appearance into an ugly insect for the purpose of highlighting the role of appearance and social position as the most important material values in the society. To illustrate, family is merely shocked by the altered appearance of the son and brother, on his physical state; contrary, no member of the family pays attention at his emotional state and feelings, nobody notices that he stayed human inside. After turning into insect Gregor is alienated by the family since his appearance became not like society used to see. This is his appearance and exterior that bothers the family to have decent life and be respected in the society. It is obvious that surrounding society, analogically to Gregor’s family, does not care of any moral and personal emotions; the only concern of the surrounding community or society is outward forms and material values. Furthermore, the writer shows an urgent conflict between moral and material values by illustrating Gregor’s behavior as an instance. On the one hand, the main character feels empathy for his parents and sister who stayed without money and have to work in order to survive, and he feels even shame at that. His worrying has very complicated emotional ground and makes him depressed each day more and more. On the other hand, feeling empathy and shame Gregor’s thoughts are only of material conditions and welfare of the family.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He concerns about material values like his family does; thus there is an evident trace of surrounding society’s influence. However, at the end of the story the writer presents the resolution of this conflict – Gregor dies because of shame and lack of moral values, but not due to lack of some material things and conveniences. Thus Kafka stresses on a significant role of true moral values and their predominance rather than transitory material values, which are widely dictated by the surrounding society therefore. Oppression of distinctive individuality Everything that differs usually faces harsh reaction and deprecation, every extraordinary person revokes criticism and non-acceptance, unusual people are oppressed and even suppressed by the society. Alike, Gregor Samsa faces aversion and moral oppression by the surrounding people after his transformation into an ugly huge insect, what is out of the common and not acceptable by the surrounding society at all. Describing ho w much the family is not willing to accept Gregor because of his appearance, the writer rigidly illustrates society’s not willingness to accept individuals who differ from others. Though Gregor had only his appearance changed, but mentally he stayed the same, nevertheless surrounding people alienate from him. This imagery shows how society avoids unusual and non-standard personalities isolating and exiling them, making them outcasts among people. Moreover, depicting Gregor’s metamorphosis the writer shows his social alienation not only because of his altered appearance, but also because of his inner world which differs from the rest of society. Despite the fact that the surrounding human society lost the values, Gregor-insect managed to preserve them and stays an individual distinctive from the others. In addition, Kafka draws an individual, who is completely helpless in the society. It is ironic that a person is lonely among persons; as a matter of fact, it is not an exception even in our present society. The person is alienated until he or she differs from the rest of society. In this story, therefore the writer shows a try to accept the values which are dictated by the society. Numerous tries of Gregor-insect to get out of his bed are his tries to live in new body and image, what can be interpreted as a try to accept the values dictated by the society. However, at the end of the story Gregor dies, he was not able to live as an insect, thus Kafka means the failure to join the surrounding society and highlights that Gregor-insect stayed an individual person despite his appearance. The fact that Gregor dies in the body of insect and no transformation happens shows us a clear position of the writer who does not accept the society as it is. It is better to die as an insect, however with values and being unusual, than to leave as a human having no values but possessing socially acceptable appearance and decent position in the surrounding society. Gr egarious behavior in the society Despite the fact that any society has being formed by each separate individual, it is evident that the surrounding society dictates its principles and values. In â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Kafka shows how Gregor’s parents dictate him their own rules and values showing their gregarious behavior. As Karl Marx noted on the story, â€Å"Once Gregor loses his cash value to his parents, well, then he ceases to be of interest to them† (Marx, 1). In addition, the parents completely comply with the rules of their flock i.e. surrounding society as their unwillingness to see socially non-acceptable appearance of insect shows. In other words, they try to stay in their flock with their own assumptions and not to allow others to separate and differ from them. Such behavior can be explained by the fact that after separation from the flock, one differs from the rest and receives more freedom. Analogically, Gregor has been separated from his family because of his altered appearance, though he obtained subconsciously desirable freedom. However, his freedom does not satisfy the surrounding family and society in whole. It is known that society keeps people in flock and wants them to behave like sheep of this flock for the reason that in such a way it is much easier to rule them. Once separate and behaving in other way, society isolates that person, what actually can be seen in the analyzed story. The family makes Gregor to be outcast and isolates him in his room since he behaves in the manner contradicting to socially acceptable one. The main concern of the characters is to look like the others, like a flock, but not the inner world of the person whose feelings and emotional experience are of no interest. A bright instant of the gregarious way of behavior is shown by Gregor’s sister Grete. Analyzing her behavior towards her brother within the course of the action in the story, it is clearly seen that she was greatly influ enced by the flock, which is her family in this case. At the very beginning Grete was trying to be individual person with her own views and values, she helped her brother and loved him. However, day by day she begins to avoid Gregor more and more, and consequently, alienates completely from him under the influence of her parents and society. Thus being an individual with values Grete gradually joins the flock and changes her way of behavior. She is not interested in her brother any more; she has no love, empathy and respect; she gradually turns into sheep following its flock and losing its personal values. Conclusion Making up a conclusion, it should be highlighted that the story which has been analyzed is a bright example of Kafka’s way to depict urgent social issues which amaze with their compelling arguments and up-to-dateness. By means of detailed illustration of Gregor’s life and his family, the writer wants us to recognize our cruel society in the image of the fa mily, to see the values which are being lost by the society and to realize possible consequences. Thus, Kafka has successfully outlined importance of moral values which gradually weakens under the pressure of the surrounding community or society which tries to impose gregarious way of life to all individualities. Die Verwandlung 1915. Encyclopedia of German Literature. London: Routledge, 2000. Credo Reference. Web. Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. New York: Crown, 2003. Marx, Karl. â€Å"On Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis†. University of Liverpool. 11 June 2010. http://johnstoniatexts.x10host.com/lectures/marxonkafkalecture.htm

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter L used in chemistry and chemical engineering. List of Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L l - angular momentum quantum numberL or l - lengthL- - LevorotatoryL - literl - liquidLa - LanthanumLA - Linoleic AcidLA - Lactic AcidLA - Lewis Acid LAE - Lyman Alpha EmitterLAB - Linear Alkyl BenzeneLASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of RadiationLB - Lewis Baselb - poundLBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLC - Liquid CooledLC - Liquid ChromatographyLC - Liquid CrystalLC-MS Liquid Chromotography with Mass SpectroscopyLCB - Long Chain BaseLCP - Le Chateliers PrincipleLCS - Laboratory Control SampleLD - Lethal DoseLD50 - Lethal Dose- 50%LDF - London Dispersion ForceLDP - Low Density PolyethyleneLEOGER - Losing Electron Oxidation/Gaining Electron ReductionLEP - Large Electron-Positron colliderLF - Low FrequencyLFL - Lower Flammable LimitLG - Leaving GroupLGB - Lotte Gas BoilerLH - Low HeatLH - Light HydrocarbonLH2 - Liquid HydrogenLHC - Large Hadron ColliderLHH - Light, Heat, HumidityLi - LithiumLIBS - Laser Induced Breakdown SpectroscopyLiP - Lithium Polymer ba tteryLiq - LiquidLLD - Liquid Level DetectionLLE - Liquid-Liquid EquilibriumLLNL - Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLMA - Low Moisture AbsorptionLME - Liquid Metal EmbritlementLMH - Liquid HydrogenLN - Liquid Nitrogenln - natural logarithmLNG - Liquid Natural GasLO - Localized OrbitalsLOD - Loss On DryingLOQ - Limit Of QuantificationLOX - Liquid OxygenLP - Liquid PetroleumLP - Liquid PropaneLPA - Liquid Pressure AmplifierLPG - Liquid Petroleum GasLq - LiquidLqd - LiquidLr - LawrenciumLSE - Low Surface EnergyLSD - Lysergic Acid DiethylamideLT - Less ThanLt - lightLT - Low TemperatureLTE - Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium LTG - Liquid To GasLTOEL - Long Term Occupational Exposure LimitLu - LutetiumLUMO - Lowest Unoccupied Molecular OrbitalLV - Low VolatilityLVS - Large Volume SamplerLw - Lawrencium (Changed to Lr)LWC - Light Water ContentLWG - Liquid Water in Grams

Communications between Group Members Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communications between Group Members - Essay Example The author of the paper states that solving the problem involves taking on a leadership role, one where the group leader tries to bridge differences between group member principles. By setting a vision for the group, which is a constant reminder of the goals set for discussion, everyone can remember to stay focused and not let individual differences guide decision-making or problem-solving. It is necessary, I have found, or the group to have a solid leader with strong emotional intelligence. Actions to take include role playing, which allows a person in the group to understand the needs and emotions of others by pretending to walk in their proverbial shoes. A leader acts as the moderator for others to ensure discussion stays on topic. Another action is role modeling or setting the example for others by maintaining professionalism and using empathy to show others that they are understood and their suggestions considered. This brings group harmony.

Public Relations Assignment (Press Release) Essay

Public Relations Assignment (Press Release) - Essay Example It is not a secret that many people have more doubts about the quality and sanitarian norms of the fast food served rather than its impact upon health. It is a well-known fact that fast food contains increased amount of sugar and fat and hence not healthy, yet some people still make a choice to eat in â€Å"Carnivore Joe’s† – so it’s better to ensure them that the freshness and sanitarian norms of their food are more than satisfactory. Paying particular attention to managing and training our employees should be crucial for building up the image of a good employer. Apart from that, wages should be competitive, and staff should be taught and encouraged to get promoted within the company. I would also suggest our company’s participation in the social life of our community. For example, we might support charity projects, organize our own â€Å"green-marketing† projects that in a way compensate for our contribution into â€Å"spoiling† the nation’s health (good ideas would be ecologically-directed projects like planting trees, saving wildlife and others). We might also start using recycled cups and plates, recycled paper for wrapping burgers, etc. We must emphasize our use of environmentally safe products when preparing our dishes, and our aiming not to pollute the environment. Perhaps we should also pay more attention to specifying the fat and carbohydrates content for each product sold by us. If permitted we should also aim at selling some low-fat and low-carbohydrate food, and maybe even encourage customers buy more of this type of food and drinks. I would definitely also work on visual layout and design of the restaurants. I would study the tastes and preferences of the target audience and go for something very creative and making us stand out from the crowd in design – this might be either the interior evoking associations with home or, vice versa, something extremely innovative – perhaps even

The impact of women in law enforcement Research Paper

The impact of women in law enforcement - Research Paper Example Notwithstanding this occurrence, women are still struggling for acceptance, inside and outside the department. Though there is a clear-cut gap between the number of women currently in law enforcement, and the number that should be working. Women continue to face an ongoing battle, not only to become police officers, but also to gain the acceptance once employed. There is no questioning that, the disparity between the number of men and women, working in police departments have had a negative impact on the police subculture, operations, and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies throughout the nation (Scarborough & Collins 2002). So what are we waiting for? It is time to give this question a serious consideration. Maybe the question is totally answerable (in the mind of some), but certainly, it is worth serious discussion, and hopefully action on the needs of communities. Different communities face difficulty recruiting candidates for police positions. One has to wonder why they are ignoring the pool of women who are available and interested in entering the law enforcement. In fact, some police agencies are giving police candidates at least $11,000 to sign up. In addition, candidates are paid while attending a police academy. Currently, female officers are still relatively unknown to lay person, especially in smaller communities and non-metropolitan counties. Most people have not been stopped, questioned or even assisted by a female police officer. But that is changing, and an increasing number of citizens will realize certain fraternal, religious, or ethnic backgrounds proved important for entry and advancement in the police service. This was true for the Irish, Italians, Jews, Mormons, and Masons. Recently, with the advent of affirmative action, blacks, Latinos and Orientals have entered the police service in increasing numbers, and have assumed leadership positions in many departments. Police ranks (through the 1960s) were dominated by the male recruits. Ro okies learned from veteran officers that the way to get along in a police organization was to never rock the boat. Each new officer was expected to internalize norms and the value system of the department, and to accept the operating principle of maintaining the status quo. As new police officers, they were taught that criminals, civil right activists, and feminist were the enemies. It was a question of the police versus the criminal element. Shocked by the changes occurring at such a rapid pace, the police during the 1960s rejected charges of racism and sexism and viewed themselves as minorities and the last vestige of society’s protectors. The real thin blue line was striving to contain the rabble that was trying to destroy the American way of life. All of this resulted in a continuing pattern of sexism, whereby women were discriminated on the basis that change was not needed, and that police work could only be performed by men. Unfortunately, vestiges of these remain as no ted by a number of women filing suit against police departments for sexual discrimination. There is a need for women to be represented in law enforcement, and once admitted to the ranks, they should have every opportunity

R. Twining and Company Limited Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

R. Twining and Company Limited - Assignment Example These may be seen as primary areas for Twining’s to focus on in the development of a future marketing strategy. Unilever’s second tea brand â€Å"Lipton† has had considerable success in marketing its range of products including iced teas at a relatively young market segment. This may be seen as an area further development. Changing consumer demands have seen a need for producers to change product portfolios in recent years. In general the customer may be seen as looking for healthier option moving away from instant tea and toward alternatives such as green and fruit teas (Parsons and MacLaran, 2009) In general customers may be segmented by type of product consumed and by demographic considerations, such as age (Kotler et al 2009). Key customer product segments include general black tea, healthier options such as green and fruit teas and alternatives to traditional products such as iced teas. While the power of the supplier may be seen as relatively low, given the commodity nature of the product (Porter, 2004). The major problem for producers such as Twining’s is that suppliers in recent years have suffered from several years of poor harvests (OECD, 2009, 2010). As such, overall production has fallen and thus an overall rise in prices has been felt in the market. Further distribution takes place in the restaurant and catering sector, Twinings may seek to develop a competitive advantage here marketing their teas and alternatives as a premium product suited to the distribution channel In summary, the external macro environment in which the tea industry operates in may be seen as generally stable with almost static sales volumes and a number of key growth areas. While the market is generally stable, this is the possibility of further rising costs due to environmental concerns in the come seasons (OECD, 2009,

Busniess Information system Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Fireplace Coursework Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fireplace Paper - Coursework Example This information is usually relevant for the company because it enables it to reorder and maintain enough stock quantities to meet the customers demand. The inventory that the company has in stock is calculated at the end of every month. The inventory management process in C20 is not limited to documenting raw materials and the distribution of the raw materials into production process. Raw materials movement through the different steps, the operational stages is covered. Tracking the raw materials as they are used to generate fireplaces assists the company in identifying the need to alter order amounts so that the raw materials records does not get riskily small or it is overstated to a point that is unfavorable. The company also keeps records of finished goods that are displayed in the showrooms. This means that the company posts the newly produced fireplaces to the inventory totals and it also subtracts the goods sold. One of the components of C20 inventory is the tiles stock. Ther e are different tiles that are used by the company in making fireplaces. These are quarry tiles, grazed tiles 6†, glazed tiles 4†, 6†?2† tiles, kerb tiles, and biscuit tiles. Under each and every type of tile, there are different subtypes of tiles. For instance, under the quarry tiles, there are black, black (seconds), and red tiles. Under glazed tiles 6†, there are B.Black, V. ... 4† 13 sq yard ?17.00 ?221.00 6?2 openings 375 Pieces ?0.55 ?206.25 4?4 openings 800 Pieces ?0.55 ?440.00 Hand Cast openings 150 Pieces ?0.55 ?82.50 The old stock total value is also added to the total values of the tiles in the inventory. The inventory records also have the original unrestored stocks. These are fireplaces that are either removed from houses being demolished or renovated, or which are simply bought from owners. Under the original unrestored stocks, there are sub-categories such as original wood mantles, original C.I. fireplaces, and original stoves. The sub-categories quantities, unit value, and their total value is calculated. The company inventory also has the engineering stocks such as mica, fire ropes; cement (Fire), Discs, W/Rods and Nuts and Bolts. The engineering stocks quantity, unit, unit value and total value of the sub types are then calculated and sub totals of the tiles calculated. The next item in the company inventory is the slabbing supplies. The se supplies consist of steel reinforcement, slablyte, fondu, snowcrite, cast plaster, glue, fire rope, glazes, and sand. The quantity, unit, unit value, and total value of the supplies are then calculated and sub totals of the supplies offered. The other items in the inventory are fire accessories, new wood pellet stock, safety wear, blunger, and display stock. The quantity, unit, unit value, and total value of these items is calculated and their sub-totals offered. The tiles subtotal, original unrestored subtotal, engineering stock subtotal, slabbing sub total, fire accessories subtotal, safety wear subtotal, blunger sub total, and display subtotal are added up to

Busniess Information system Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Busniess Information system - Case Study Example uding Wal-Mart, Safeway, Kroger and Target; in so doing, K-C has managed to collaborate and share best practices and information on new product development, thus, strengthening relationships with key retail partners (387). K-C’s CIO, Ramon Baez realized the importance of integrating IT in marketing and R&D departments so as to foster ongoing innovation and creation of business ideas; and improve K-C’s relationship with retailers. Additionally, it realized that data collection, analysis, effectiveness and efficiency can be improved through IT. For instance, the Innovation Design Studio K-C opened in Neenah, 2007, which included 3-D virtual reality IT system assisted K-C in collecting and analyzing data on consumers shopping experiences that is important for decision making on innovations and new product concepts. The virtual reality system helped in simulating the looks of real retail store, such as Target and consumers shopping experience, behaviors, reactions, level of engagement, and factors influencing consumer’s purchase decisions; this helps K-C in gathering insights with regards to developing new product designs, in-store design and merchandising. In turn, K-C is able to red uce time required for marketing while at the same time ensuring that their retail customers are able to create display designs that are effective, thus, sell more K-C products. Additional benefits to K-C include, K-C being seen by retailers as a technology-innovator in image building, giving retailers the urge to look to collaborate with K-C in initiatives that are IT intensive (Turban and Volonino 387). This case is about a publicly held company, an aftermarket service and retail chain, Pep Boys that is worth $2 billion and has the capability of offering replacement of tires, do-it-for-me, do-it-yourself, and buy-for-resale services. The company having more than 500 stores in over 35 states depended on Excel spreadsheets to for its budget needs; it carried budget information which

Friction Lab Essay Example for Free

Friction Lab Essay Discussion and Review Whenever a body slides along another body a resisting force is called into play that is known as friction. This is a very important force and serves many useful purposes. A person could not walk without friction, nor could a car propel itself along a highway without the friction between the tires and the road surface. On the other hand, friction is very wasteful. It reduces the efficiency of machines because work must be done to overcome it and this energy is wasted as heat. The purpose of this experiment is to study the laws of friction and to determine the coefficient of friction between two surfaces. THEORY Friction is the resisting force encountered when one surface slides over another. This force acts along the tangent to the surfaces in contact. The force necessary to overcome friction depends on the nature of the materials in contact, on their roughness or smoothness, and on the normal force but not on the area of contact or on the speed of the motion. We find experimentally that the force of friction is directly proportional to the normal force. When an object is sitting on a horizontal surface the normal force is just the weight of the object. However, if the object is on an incline then it is not equal to the weight but is calculated by N= mg cos ÃŽ ¸. The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of friction,  µ. When the contacting surfaces are actually sliding one over the other the force of friction is given by Equation 1: Ffr =  µk FN where Ffr is the force of friction and is directed parallel to the surfaces and opposite to the direction of motion. FN is the normal force and  µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction. The subscript k stands for kinetic, meaning that  µk is the coefficient that applies when the surfaces are moving  one with respect to the other.  µk is therefore more precisely called the coefficient of kinetic or sliding friction. Note carefully that Ffris always directed opposite to the direction of motion. This means that if you reverse the direction of sliding, the frictional force reverses too. In short, friction is always against you. Friction is called a non-conservative force because energy must be used to overcome it no matter which way you go. This is in contrast to what is called a conservative force such as gravity, which is against you on the way up but with you on the way down. Thus, the energy expended in lifting an object may be regained when the object descends. Yet, the energy used to overcome friction is dissipated, which means it is lost or made unavailable as heat. As you will see in your later study of  physics the distinction between conservative and non-conservative forces is a very important one that is fundamental to our concepts of heat and energy.  A method of checking the proportionality of Ffr, and FNand of determining the proportionality constant  µk is to have one of the surfaces in the form of a plane placed horizontally with a pulley fastened at one end. The other surface is the bottom face of a block that rests on the plane and to which is attached a weighted cord that passes over the pulley. The weights are varied until the block moves at constant speed after having been started with a slight push. Since there is no acceleration, the net force on the block is zero, which means that the frictional force is equal to the tension in the cord. This tension, in turn, is equal to the total weight attached to the cords end. The normal force between the two surfaces is equal to the weight of the block and can be increased by placing weights on top of the block. Thus, corresponding values of Ffr,and FN can be found, and plotting them will show whether Ffrand FN are indeed proportional. The slope of this graph gives  µk. When a body lies at rest on a surface and an attempt is made to push it, the pushing force is opposed by a frictional force. As long as the pushing force is not strong enough to start the body moving, the body remains in equilibrium. This means that the frictional force automatically adjusts itself to be equal to the pushing force and thus to just be enough to balance it. However, there is a threshold value of the pushing force beyond which larger values will cause the body to break away and slide. We  conclude that in the static case where a body is at rest the frictional force automatically adjusts itself to keep the body at rest up to a certain maximum. But if static equilibrium demands a frictional force larger than this maximum, static equilibrium conditions will cease to exist because this force is not available and the body will start to move. This situation may be expressed in equation form as: Equation 2: Ffr ≠¤  µsFN or Ffr max =  µsFN Where Ffris the frictional force in the static case, Ffr max is the maximum value this force can assume and  µsis the coefficient of static friction. We find that  µsis slightly larger than  µk. This means that a somewhat larger force is needed to break a body away and start it sliding than is needed to keep it sliding at constant speed once it is in motion. This is why a slight push is necessary to get the block started for the measurement of  µk. One way of investigating the case of static friction is to observe the so-called limiting angle of repose. This is defined as the maximum angle to which an inclined plane may be tipped before a block placed on the plane just starts to slide. The arrangement is illustrated in Figure 1 above. The block has weight W whose component WcosÃŽ ¸ (where ÃŽ ¸ is the plane angle) is perpendicular to the plane and is thus equal to the normal force, FN. The component Wsin ÃŽ ¸is parallel to the plane and constitutes the force urging the block to slide down the plane. It is opposed by the frictional force Ffr, As long as the block remains at rest, Ffr must be equal to W sin ÃŽ ¸. If the plane is tipped up until at some value ÃŽ ¸max the block just starts to slide, we have: Equation 3: But: Hence: Or: Thus, if the plane is gradually tipped up until the block just breaks away and the plane angle is then measured, the coefficient of static friction is equal to the tangent of this angle, which is called the limiting angle of repose. It is interesting to note that W cancelled out in the derivation of Equation 3 so that the weight of the block doesnt matter. PROCEDURE This experiment requires you to record measurements in Newtons. Remember that in SI units the unit of force is called the Newton (N). One Newton is the force required to impart an acceleration of 1m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg. Thus 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2. You can convert any kg-mass to Newtons by multiplying the kg-weight by 9.8 m/s2, i.e., 100 g = 0.1 kg = 0.1 x 9.8 = .98 N. 1. Determining force of kinetic or sliding friction and static friction a. The wooden blocks provided in the LabPaq are too light to give good readings so you need to put some weight on  them, such as a full soft drink can. Weigh the plain wood block and the object used on top of the block. Record the combined weight in grams and Newtons. b. Place the ramp board you provided horizontally on a table. If necessary tape it down at the ends with masking tape to keep if from sliding. c. Begin the experiment by setting the block and its weight on the board with its largest surface in contact with the surface of the board. Connect the blocks hook to the 500-g spring scale. d. Using the spring scale, slowly pull the block lengthwise along the horizontal board. When the block is moving with constant speed, note the force indicated on the scale and record. This is the approximate kinetic or sliding frictional force. Repeat two more times. e. While carefully watching the spring scale, start the block from rest. When the block just starts to move, note the force indicated on the scale and record. You should notice that this requires more force. This force is  approximately equal to the static frictional force. Repeat two more times. Determining coefficient of static friction using an inclined surface a. Place the plain block with its largest surface in contact on the board while the board is lying flat. b. Slowly raise one end of the board until the block just breaks away and starts to slide down. Be very careful to move the plane slowly and smoothly so as to get a precise value of the angle with the horizontal at which the block just breaks away. This is the limiting angle of repose ÃŽ ¸ max. Measure it with a protractor (see photo that follows for an alternate way of measuring the angle) and record the result. You may also want to measure the base and the height of the triangle formed by the board, the support, and the floor or table. The height divided by the length of the base equals the coefficient of static friction. Remember: c. Perform two more trials. These trials should be independent. This means that in each case the plane should be returned to the horizontal, the block placed on it, and the plane carefully moved up until the limiting angle of repose is reached. DATA TABLE 6 Height Base Length ÃŽ ¸ max  µs Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Calculations 1. Using the mass of the block and the average force of kinetic friction from Data Table 1, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction from Equation 1: 2. Using the mass of the block and the average force of kinetic friction from Data Table 2, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction for the wood block sliding on its side. Record your result and see how it compares with the value of  µkobtained from Data Table 1. 3. From the data in Data Table 3, 4 5 compute the coefficient of static friction,  µsfor, the glass surface on wood, the sandpapered surface on wood, and wood on carpet, etc from each of your three trials. Calculate an average value of  µs.Record your results in your own data sheets. 4.  From the data obtained in Data Table 6 calculate  µsfor wood on wood from each of your three trials. 5.  Calculate an average value of  µs. Record your result on the data sheet. Questions A. How does the coefficient of static friction compare with the coefficient of kinetic friction for the same surfaces and areas? B. Why is it important to reduce friction during the operation of machinery? C. How does grease or oil affect the coefficient of friction?

Patient Satisfaction with Public Healthcare | Literature

Patient Satisfaction with Public Healthcare | Literature Literature Review: Alian A. Alrasheedy, Mohammed Azmi Hassali, et al., published a research study in Australasian Medical Journal, 2014 entitled as â€Å"Assessment of general public satisfaction with public healthcare services in Kedah, Malaysia†. They conducted a cross-sectional study to assess patients’ level of satisfaction with public healthcare services and to determine the factors that may affect patient satisfaction among convenience sample of general public. They developed a questionnaire which consists of five sections including demographic data, patients’ perceptions of their relationship and interaction with healthcare professionals in the public healthcare sector, patient perception of skills of healthcare professionals, patients’ assessment of the amenities, accessibility to and facilities available in the public healthcare sector and general satisfaction of patients with public healthcare services. To perform the statistics they used chi-square test and for it ems expected to have lower frequency, Fisher’s exact test was used. The findings showed that almost half of the participants were satisfied with current health care services in public hospitals and clinic. It shows a significant association between satisfaction and some participants’ characteristics such as age, gender, waiting time. Other factors influencing satisfaction level includes the length of consultations and process of patient registration. The limitation of the study is that illiterate people were not included in this study as it is a self-administered questionnaire. It concludes that improving the health services which leads to shorter waiting time may increase the patients’ satisfaction level. Krupal Joshi, Kishor Sochaliya, et al., performed a cross-sectioanl study to identify the factors that affect patient satisfaction regarding health care services. The study was entitled as â€Å"Patient satisfaction About Health Care Services: A Cross Sectional Study of Patients Who Visited the Outpatient Department of a Civil Hospital at Surendranagar, Gujarat† which was published in International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 2013. The patient were interviewed using pre-structured questionnaires which can be replied in choices like satisfactory/unsatisfactory, yes/no, good/moderate/poor, adequate/inadequate. The study revealed that overall the patient satisfaction was good regarding the quality of the services provided by the hospital. But revealed mild to moderate satisfaction regarding waiting time and specialist availability. Patient satisfaction was considered to be important in both evaluation and shaping of health care. Mansour Alturki, Tahir M.Khan published a study entitled â€Å"A study investigating the level of satisfaction with the health services provided by the pharmacist at ENT hospital, Eastern Region Alahsah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia† in Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal,2013. They conducted a cross sectional study to evaluate the satisfaction of the patients related to pharmacy services provided to the patients at the hospital pharmacy. A self-administered 15-item questionnaire was used in the study which comprises of three sections which considered patient demographic data, information about health status of respondents, pharmacist-patient interaction level. The results were analyzed using independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. This study shows that the patient were majorly satisfied about the availability of the pharmacist and the explanations/clear labeling of drugs, politeness and prompt services of the pharmacist. The elderly patients were highly satisfied with the services p rovided by the pharmacy than the other age groups. But overall the satisfaction levels of the Saudi patients were least than that of the Egyptian and others and it may associate with the demographic features such as age, sex, and level of the education. Sumeet Singh, Paramjeet kaur, et al., conducted a study entitled â€Å"Patient satisfaction levels in a tertiary care medical college hospital in Punjab, North India.† It has been published in International Journal of Research and Development of Health, 2013. The study was aimed to assess the patients’ satisfaction regarding care provided in the hospital, behaviour of medical, nursing and supportive staff and availability of necessary services and amenities in the hospital. A cross-sectional study based on a pre-designed and pre-tested Indoor Patient Feedback Form was done. This study shows that most of the patients were more satisfied with the behaviour of doctors. The major problem was found to be in identifying the location of various areas mainly labs in the hospital. Satisfaction regarding the service and the behaviour of the paramedical staff was found to be high. This study shows that assessing patient satisfaction is simple, easy and cost effective for evaluatio n of hospital services. Afolabi MO, Afolabi ERI, et al., published a study in African Health sciences, 2012, entitled as â€Å"Construct validation of an instrument to measure patient satisfaction with pharmacy services in Nigerian hospitals†. The study aimed to develop a questionnaire used to assess the quality of the pharmacy services provided by the hospitals and to define the scale construct validity with an opinion to identify the factors that affect the target users. First they developed a 35-item Patient Satisfaction Survey questionnaire and then based on the pilot study conducted to assess the internal consistency reliability there was a reduction of items on the scale to 25 items. They used Cronbach coefficient Alpha, Spermann Brown’s and Guttmann’s coefficients to determine the reliability of the scale and Scree plot was also carried out for the final 25-item scale. The reliability coefficients attained for the instrument by means of various methods were comparable and statist ically significant. The final scale which consists of 25 items showed stable and significant correlation coefficients and produced six consequent dimensions of patient satisfaction which includes attitude of pharmacy personnel, accessibility and convenience of pharmacy location, quality and cost of the drugs, conducive physical environment, and availability of prescribed drugs and timeliness of service delivery. This study established a scale to evaluate satisfaction of the patients regarding pharmaceutical services. Amany M. Abdelhafez, Lina Al Qurashi et al., published a study in American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2012, entitled â€Å"Analysis of factors affecting the satisfaction levels of patients toward food services at general hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia†. This study aims to determine the factors that the satisfaction levels of the patient with the food services in a sample of general hospitals. They performed a cross-sectional study using an interview questionnaire. Spearman correlation was used to identify the relationship between the various aspects of food and food services and the overall satisfaction. In this study the temperature of the food was one of the determinants of overall dissatisfaction. Overall satisfaction levels can be increased by increasing the quality of food and hospital food services. As hospital malnutrition is a main problem, so hospital services should be considered as an important part of the patient treatment plan and hence it is imp ortant to evaluate patient views to make sure that the expectations of the patients regarding the food services were achieved. M V Kulkarni, S Dasgupta, et al., had done a study entitled â€Å"Study of Satisfaction of Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nagpur† which was published in National Journal of Community Medicine, 2011. It states that patient satisfaction is one of the important tools to measure the success of the services provided in the hospital. They performed a hospital based cross sectional study to evaluate the satisfaction of the patients admitted in the hospital regarding behaviour of the medical, nursing, and supportive staff, and other services provided in the hospital. They used a pre-designed and pre-tested â€Å"Indoor Patient Feedback Form† which was filled up by the patient through an interview on the day of the discharge. They analyzed the data using Epi-Info statistical software by calculating chi-square test and proportions. Their study reveals that the most of the patients were satisfied with the provided hospital services, behaviour of the doctors but s howed dissatisfaction towards the cleanliness in the toilets, quality of the food. Leticia R. Moczygemba, Jamie C. Barner, et al., published a study entitled â€Å"Patient satisfaction with a pharmacist-provided telephone medication therapy management program† in Research in Social and administrative pharmacy, 2010. They conducted a non-experimental and cross sectional survey to measure the patient satisfaction with pharmacist-provided telephone MTM program. They mailed the questionnaire developed to measure the patient satisfaction on MTM program. Descriptive statistics have been used to calculate the patients’ responses. The study revealed that the patient were pleased about the services provided by the pharmacist during MTM consultation. And also the patients are willing for face-face to consultation to learn more about their medications. From this study it is proved that for some patients MTM program can be carried out in telephone without compromising patient satisfaction. Mehrnoosh Akhtari-Zavare, Mohd Yunus Abdullah, et al., performed a study entitled â€Å"Patient Satisfaction: Evaluating Nursing Care for Patients Hospitalized with Cancer in Tehran Teaching Hospitals, Iran† in Global Journal of Health Science, 2010. The study was aimed to assess the relationship between cancer patients’ satisfaction and the nursing care in order to assist nurses in defining more clearly their roles. They performed a cross-sectional study in which a proportional stratified sampling method was used to collect the data from face-to-face interviews based on validated Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. In this study, they conducted binary logistic regression to predict factors that influence the satisfaction level. It was seen that patients receiving chemotherapy were more satisfied with the nursing care than patients receiving other type of treatment such as radiotherapy, surgical etc. Though the study found that most of the patients were satisfied with t he nursing care, they suggested some improvements regarding interpersonal relationship which may improve patient satisfaction. Z Iliyasu, IS Abubakar, et al., published a study entitled â€Å"Patients’ satisfaction with services obtained from Aminu Kano teaching hospital, Kano, Northern Nigeria† in Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2010. Their study aimed to evaluate the patient satisfaction and their relatives with the hospital services. They considered satisfaction was from the perspectives such as ease with which patients’ accessed care, time of waiting, patient-health care provider relationship, payment and facilities provided by the hospital. The data was collected by a cross-sectional survey based on structured questionnaires which were distributed to the patients and focus group discussions with the patient relatives. The results shown that most of the patients were satisfied about the accessed care, patient provider relationship, inpatient services and the hospital facilities. And the patients were asked for the complaints which were mostly related to the waiting time and th e payment cost. In focus group discussions most of the patients relatives complained about the missing of laboratory data and delay in the laboratory data. Overall the satisfaction of the patients and patient relatives showed a high satisfaction level with the tertiary care services. Ranjeeta Kumari, MZ Tdris, et al., published a study entitled â€Å"Study on Patient Satisfaction in the Government Allopathic Health Facilities of Lucknow District, India† in Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2009. They performed a cross-sectional survey to detect the areas and reasons of low satisfaction among the patient and to suggest methods for improvement. By using a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique three representative hospitals (Tertiary level hospital, Secondary level hospital and a primary level hospital). A quantitative structured interview schedule was used to record information from the patients attending the health care facilities. Data was analyzed using Epi-info software (version 6). From the results it was seen that the most important factor for them to visit the secondary and tertiary level of health facilities was the trust on doctors or health facility, availability of the specialists whereas the closeness of the health facility to thei r homes, belief on doctors or health facility and cost-effectiveness were crucial at the primary level. They concluded that, there is a need to communicate effectively with patients about their disease and treatment and to clarity their doubts and fears to achieve good standards of health. Juan Francisco Marquez-Peiro, Carmen Perez-Peiro published a study entitled â€Å"Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction in Outpatient Pharmacy† in Farm Hosp in 2008. The main objective of this study is to identify the satisfaction and dissatisfaction levels among patients receiving care from the Outpatient pharmacy. Dissatisfaction has been defined as the lack of correspondence between the patient expectations and their final perception of the healthcare service provided. They conducted a cross-sectional study to establish patient satisfaction levels by using a valid questionnaire and patient dissatisfaction were established from the complaints made by the patients attending the outpatient pharmacy. The reasons for complaint were grouped based on the classification system created by Pichert et al and also on the items described in the patient satisfaction survey. Patient satisfaction was evaluated with the help of a patient satisfaction indicator Satisfaction index recognized by the Regional Ministry of Health for the Autonomous Community of Valencia. The results show the high patient satisfaction index with the services provided by the outpatient hospital pharmacy department. The aspects scoring least points in patient satisfaction were mainly dispensing area (waiting room and access to the OP) and the dispensing process (waiting time and the consultation hours) which were also the main reasons for dissatisfaction. Pharmacist’s technical expertise and professional attitude are the most valued aspect in the patient satisfaction survey. Pharmacist’s professional competence and the pharmacist-patient relationship were the reasons for complaints made by the patients to the Patient Service Department of the hospital. The features that require improvement are area and process at the dispensing and the increased structural and human resources required. They concluded that, although the satisfaction index high and is useful for identifying what impro vements are needed, it is also important to identify the reasons for dissatisfaction to complement this information. Maria Luz Traverso, Mercedes Salamano, et al., published a study in the journal International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 2007, entitled â€Å"Questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care in Spanish language†. The main objective of their study was to design and validate a questionnaire in Spanish language, to assess patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care provided by the community pharmacies. A questionnaire of 27 items, with randomly assigned order consisting give dimensions which includes general satisfaction, explanation, managing therapy, consideration and setting was designed. The reliability of the instrument’s scale was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and to determine the questionnaire construct validity, Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare the data form two groups of pharmacies. Although overall results of the construct validity test did not presented significant changes among the two groups of pharmacies in whic h one group provides pharmaceutical care and other group do not provide pharmaceutical care, but 23 items presented significant variances among the two groups of pharmacies. The results suggest that the developed questionnaire was found to be a reliable and valid instrument in Spanish to evaluate patient satisfaction related to pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies. R.K.Sharma, conducted a study to identify the patient satisfaction level in both out-patients and in-patients entitled â€Å"Patient satisfaction- A case study of zonal hospital† which was published in Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal, 2005. They assessed the patient satisfaction in terms of services and amenities. In this study it was observed that most of the indoor and outdoor patients were dissatisfied with most of the amenities. Most of the patients were satisfied with the behaviour and attention given by the doctors but were not satisfied with the behaviour of paramedical staff and other employees of the hospital. And most of the patients were not dissatisfied with the availability of the medicines in time. It concludes that frequent patient satisfaction surveys are essential to make necessary improvements on basis of opinions and suggestions given by patients. C Jenkinson, A coulter, et al., performed a study entitled â€Å"Patients’ experiences and satisfaction with health care: results of a questionnaire study of specific aspects of care† which was published in Quality and Safety in Health Care, 2002. The purpose of their study was to determine what aspects of health care provision are most likely to influence the satisfaction with care and willingness of the patient to recommend hospital services to others and also to determine the extent to which satisfaction is a significant indicator of patients’ experience of healthcare services. They had done a postal survey in which the questionnaires based on picker survey of patient experiences questionnaire was used. From the descriptive statistics it is evident that there is an association between the level of satisfaction and the number of item completed in the questionnaire. The study states that patient satisfaction scores and the related issues of willingness to recomm end a hospital to others present a limited and optimistic picture. It also suggests that detailed questions about specific aspects of patients’ experience are more beneficial for observing the performance of different departments of the hospitals and which helps in improving the health care delivery. Differences Between Leadership and Management | Tesco Differences Between Leadership and Management | Tesco Management is a function that must be exercised in any business (Maccoby, 2000, pp57-59) management is a process of planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, and controlling and it is a systematic way of doing things. According to Mullins (2010, p429) Fayol describes these elements as: Planning examining the future, deciding what needs to be achieved and developing a plan of action. Organising providing the material and human resources and building the structure to carry out the activities of the organisation. Command maintaining activity among personnel, getting the optimum return from all employees in the interest of the whole organisation. Co-ordination unifying and harmonising all activities and effort of the organisation to facilitate its working and success. Control verifying that everything occurs in accordance with plans, instructions, established principles and expressed command. Leadership is an attempt to influence group or individuals (Russell C, Richard J, 2002, p406) he further explains that leadership gets organizations and people to change. Leadership is communicating to people their worth and potential so clearly that they are inspired to see it in themselves. Differences between Leadership and Management Mullins demonstrated the differences of leadership and management. Managers tend to adopt impersonal or passives attitudes towards goal. Leaders adopt a more personal and active attitude towards goals. In order to get people to accept solutions, the managers needs continually to co-ordinate and balance in order to compromise conflicting values. The leaders create excitement in work and develop choices that give substance to images that excite people. In their relationship with other people, managers maintain a low level of emotional involvement. Leaders have empathy with other people and give attention to what events and actions mean. (2010, p374) Leadership differs from management in a sense that: Management includes focus on function, authority relationship and creates stability. However, for a business to excel leadership is vital, because leaders motivate, secure commitment and inspire people. Relationship between Management and Leadership Leadership and management are the terms that are often considered synonymous. Leadership is defined as the potential to influence and drive the group efforts towards the accomplishment of goals. This influence may originate from formal sources, such as that provided by acquisition of managerial position in an organization. According to Mullins (2010, p374) Despite a continuing debate on differences between management and leadership, there is a close relationship between them and it is not easy to separate them as distinct activities. He further describes management and leadership, they overlap and you need both qualities. Increasingly, management and leadership are being seen as inextricably linked. It is one thing for a leader to propound a grand vision, but this is redundant unless the vision is managed so it becomes real achievement. A manager must have traits of a leader. Leaders develop strategies that build and sustain competitive advantage. Organizations require strong leadership and strong management for optimal organizational efficiency. Both managers and leaders aim to achieve goals, mobilize and utilize resource. Section 2 Managers have to perform many roles in an organization, how they handle various situations will depend on their style of management. According to Mullins (2010, p381), there are many dimensions to describe leadership style and he simplified three fold heading; The authoritarian (autocratic) Style: The manager alone exercises decision making and authority for determining policy, procedures for achieving goals, work tasks and relationships, control of rewards or punishments. The democratic Style: The leadership functions are shared with members of the group and the manager is more part of team. The group members have a greater say in decision making, determination of policy, implementation of systems and procedures. A laissez faire (genuine) style: The manager consciously makes a decision to pass the focus of power to members, to allow them freedom of action to do as they think best, and not to interfere; but is readily available if help needed. There is an often confusion over this style of leadership behavior. The word genuine is emphasized because this is to be contrasted with the manager who could not care, who deliberately keeps away from the trouble spots and does not want to get involved. From my own experience of working in ABA Beverages, management decided to implement HACCP using autocratic style of leadership style. This decision of quality control was taken to attract new customers and satisfy existing customers. According to Wikipedia (ONLINE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points) HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical control points), is a systematic preventive approach to food safety and pharmaceutical safety that identifies physical, allergenic, chemical, and biological hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level. In this manner, HACCP is referred as the prevention of hazards rather than finished product inspection. A key role of the quality manager in the company is to maintain the food safety. He has vital responsibilities and challenges to achieve HACCP. In order to achieve HACCP, he uses autocratic style of leadership. This autocratic style was necessary because it is a matter of food safety. Employers view this safety principal as a critical, therefore use autocratic style. Employees must comply with instructions at all times. The positive impacts food safety is met, objective of customer satisfaction met. If they do not use autocratic style, quality would be compromised and customers would not be satisfied. Sri Lanka Red Cross Society SLRCS (Sri Lanka Red Cross Society) (ONLINE: http://beta.redcross.lk/vision-mission.asp) has operated since 1936. The SLRCS covers all 25 administrative districts of the Sri Lanka and the total membership 100,000.The total number of active volunteers 6,500. From my own experience of working in SLRCS, during the war in 2007 in Sri Lanka, it was involved to help victims who affected by war. They have divide teams and work under a coordinator. The coordinator gives freedom to the team leader to take appropriate actions within agreed boundaries (within set time limit and safety clearance). For example teams have to reach the camp and distribute all foods to beneficiaries. In case any problem arises team leaders have to make the decision. At this point Laissez Faire style help to achieve the scope of the organization. Here, team leader is trusted to make decision by the coordinator follows laissez faire style. On the other hand, when the team is in dangerous war zone, for the safety of team members team leader follows an autocratic style of leadership. For example if the supply not distributed on the agreed time limit or if the situation becomes dangerous, team leader take own decision either stay or leave for the camp and team members fol low his autocratic style of leadership. Tesco Tesco is a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer in United Kingdom. One of the business objectives of Tesco is customer satisfaction. Tesco is a customer-orientated business. It aims to offer products that provide value for money for its customers and to deliver high quality service. Tesco wants to attract new customers, but it also wants to keep its existing customers happy. To keep at the top of its game and to maintain its number one spot in the market, the company needs skilled staff at all levels and in all roles. The style of leadership can vary depending on the task. Some managers allow teams to take charge of their own decision-making for many tasks. Team leaders will set the objectives but empower team members to decide how these objectives are achieved. This has several advantages. It helps to motivate individuals in the team and it draws on the expertise of the members of the team. Berian manages a team of 17 in a Tesco in-store bakery. One of the key challenges of Berians job is to ensure his team produces the right products to meet demand at key times. His usual management approach is to allow the team to take responsibility for achieving the desired result. In this way, the team not only buys into the activity, but also develops new skills. For example, when the bakery expanded its product range and Berian needed to ensure that all the products would be on the shelves by 8.00 am, rather than enforce a solution, he turned to the team for ideas. The team solved the problem by agreeing to split break times so that productivity could be maintained. Berians approach produced a positive outcome and increased team motivation. (ONLINE: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/developing-appropriate-leadership-styles/management-and-leadership.html#axzz2DWoXdm7O) Berian uses democratic style of leadership to achieve the target. This style encourages ideas, feedback, suggestion and team sprit from all team members. Words 525/ 1480